Formalities †Perfect/Imperfect Trust Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2612 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? Formalities – Perfect/Imperfect Trust Introduction The question in this case refers to the creation of a trust, i.e. the formalities that are required. In the case of Serena, she has created a trust that holds the property in trust for Alice for life and then the remainder goes to Alices children. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Formalities – Perfect/Imperfect Trust Essay" essay for you Create order On the death of Serena, there is a valid will where Alice gets all of the property and there is no interest for Alices children. Therefore, the following advice is going to identify a trust is in place, which will ensure that the property transfers to the children. The Creation of a trust The case of Milroy v Lord identifies a perfect trust, which includes; 1) a deed of the trust; and 2) transfer of the property following all formalities . Therefore, in the case of the trust created by Serena, both the property Hillside and the Jane Austin books have the capability of being part of a perfect trust. However, in the case of the land there are additional formalities, which will be discussed later. At this point there is a perfect trust that related to the books, because this is a case of a perfect trust, because there is both declaration and transfer of the books to the trustees . The share certificate and cheque are not in the deed documents, but have been transferred to the trustee with the declaration to be added to the trust. This is not a full deed, but applying the case of Milroy v Lord it is a declaration plus transfer of the property, which means that it has a capability of being a trust under Neville v Wilson and Vandervell v IRC . The argument still rem ains on whether the formalities have been fulfilled in the case of the land, shares and cheque which can be a contentious subject. The need for formalities? The case of Neville v Wilson held that the formalities of a trust need not be in writing if it can be shown that intention is present; however, problems have arisen in showing this intention, which is why the Statute of Fraud 1677 introduced the need formalities A similar argument that there is no need for formalities was expressed in the case of Walsh v Lonsdale in 1882; however as it can be seen in 1925 the formalities were required for all property under a trust. However, it seems to be that the argument for these formalities is that they clarify the intention of the settlor. S. 53(1)(c) of the Law of Property Act 1925 (LPA 1925) is now the defining piece of legislation for where trust formalities can be identified. In the case of Timpsons Executers v Yerbury it was held that the formalities of a trust can be identified in the written disposition of the trust and the transferring of the property to the trustees. The interest in respect to Uncle Joes Trust is an equitable interest; therefore should comply with s. 53(1)(c). As this trust is in the original deed then it complies with the formalities of 53(1)(c) an like the Jane Austens novels form a perfect trust, as the deed identifies both the intention and the transfer of the equitable interest to the new trust. The shares are another example of an equitable interest; however as will be discussed later may not form a perfect trust due to deficiencies in formalities. In the case of Alice some of the property has been adequately transferred through deed and transfer to the trustees; however there remain questions if the whole trust can be properly administered. If one considers the case of Neville v Wilson the indication is that the requisite intention is enough. However, the problem is that Neville v Wilson is in direct contradiction with s. 53(1)(c) of the LPA 1925, which states that a disposition of an equitable interestà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ subsisting at the time of the disposition, must be in writing signed by the person disposing of the same, or by his agent thereunto lawfully authorised in writing or by his will. This would mean, the prima facie facts of the case, are that all of the property would have to be in the initial trust deed in order for it to be transferred on trust to Alice; whereby anything outside of it would return to the estate. However, it is not as simple as this. The case of Neville v Wilson needs to be reconciled and there are additional formalities required in respect to shares and land. The Transfer of the Land: In the case of the land s. 53(1)(b) states that a declaration of trust respecting any land or interest therein must be manifested and proved by writing signed by the person who is able to declare such trust or by his will. Therefore, the land must be transferred by deed to the trustees, which has been done in the case of Hillside; therefore it would indicate that as soon as the deeds to the property were transferred to the trustees the land has been moved into a trust. The exact route of transfer has been identified in the Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989 s. 2, which identifies that the deed needs to be properly signed by each party in the transfer . This means that the trustees must have signed for the exchange and the deeds in this case. The implication of this is not clear as the deed document has been transferred to the trustees, but the question is whether this deed shows the trustees as the legal owners, if not then the formalities have not been fulfi lled and the property has not passed, as per the case of Firstpost Homes v Johnson . The Shares: In the case of the shares, as an equitable interest, s, 53(1)(c) should be followed, which means that the shares should be deeded and in writing, as well as entered into the company books as registration of change . In the case of shares the formalities are important, because like land there are external legal formalities that must be complied with. Therefore, if the settlor had not begun the steps to transfer the shares, with the company, then regardless of whether there was an intention and the share certificates were placed in the hands of the trustees the constitution had not been fulfilled . This was the approach that has been taken in Grey v IRC and Oughtred v. IRC ; however Vandervell held that if the deeds and the shares had been transferred to the trustee then it will be implied that the trust is perfect. A similar approach was taken in Re Rose and Hunter v Moss where transferring the correct information to the company was enough, as it was in the hands of a third pa rty. The problem in this case is that there is no formal deed, even though the shares have been transferred. This means that the trust is not properly constituted in respect to the shares and would go back to the estate. The Cheque As this is a chattel the case of Neville v Wilson will apply, because the requirements of Milroy v Lord have been fulfilled and a perfect trust will be implied. Duty of the Trustee and Remedies: Introduction: The case of Alan relates to the duty of a trustee, a breach of trust and the equitable remedies that are available. Alan is a director of a company that holds a trust for the holidays that it sells on behalf of Go Ltd, which is separated from Buyit Nows accounts. The question that is raised is whether the actions of Alan, by; 1) failing to put the money into BuyIt now are accounts; and 2) taking money out of Go Ltds account to purchase a gift for his girlfriend, are a breach of trust. Then it will consider if it is a breach of trust what remedies are available to reclaim the lost money. The first part of this question will identify the duty of the trustee and the implications for the other directors of Buyit Now. Then it will consider what remedies are available to Go Ltd to retrieve the lost money. Duty of the Trustees: The administration of a trust is set out by the Trustees Act 2000 (TA 2000). Section 1 of the act defines the duty of case requirements that the trustee must adhere to, which is to exercise such skill and care as reasonable in all circumstances. The implication of this is that there is a minimum test for the private trustees as a reasonable trustee . However, s. 1 TA 2000 put the decision of Speight v Gaunt into statutes, highlighting that this is a higher duty of case for any trustee with special knowledge or experience should take all those precautions which an ordinary prudent man of business would take in managing similar affairs of his own . This means that in the case of Alan and the directors of the company they owe a standard of care of a company director . It is also important as this trust has been set up in the course of the companys business that s. 1(b) of the TA 2000 will apply, which means that the level of the duty of care will be that which is reasonable to e xpect of a person acting in the course of that kind of business . It is important to note that the Nestle Case identified that a trustee cannot be held in breach of trust for a mere error of judgement. It must also be identified that as this is a company/industry arrangement there may be an exclusion clause in place that limits liability. This is a perfectly valid approach and upheld in the case of Armitage v Nurse , which states [n]o trustees shall be liable for any loss of damage which may happen to a trust fundà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ at any time from any cause whatsoever unless such loss shall be caused by his own fraud. However, in the case of Alan there is more than a mere error of judgement and it is highly likely that his acts would be classed as: 1) Wilful deceit, in regards to the monies that were never transferred; and 2) Recklessness in regards to the monies that were taken from Go Ltd to pay for a yacht for his girlfriend This was confirmed in the case of Re City Equita ble Fire Insurance Co as either a consciousness of negligence or breach of duty, or a recklessness in the performance of a duty . Therefore, the acts of Alan could not be limited by an exclusion clause. Remedies: There is a problem with this case, which is that the company is the trustee and each of its directors are to act personally . To follow on from this each of the trustees, as BuyIt will be a corporation trust for Go Ltd, as it is an industry association it must be assumed that BuyIT has capability in its Articles of Association. This means that one trustee (Director) cannot be liable for the actions of another unless they facilitated, by act or omission, the breach . This means that the company cannot be held in breach, only Alan unless it can be shown that the other trustees were put on notice . However, the indication is that this is not the case. This raises a problem in regards to receiving the monies from the administrators of BuyIt, because as BuyIt as a whole was not in breach there is no claim against the company. As the company acts as a trustee the dishonesty of Alan cannot be imputed to the other directors in the company. This means that there is only a personal bre ach of Alan in the trust. Rather, it must be against Alan personally for breach of trust. Alan is personally wealth then it may be the case that if all of the losses can be reclaimed in an action for personal breach of trust . However, as his wealth has depleted it may be that not all the monies can be recovered this way. Therefore, the remedy of tracing is available, as per Re Diplock . The case of Foskett v McKeown identified that tracing is not a remedy, but a process to identify the lost property. In the case of Gos lost money the money transferred to buy the yacht is easy to trace , but as the yacht is destroyed then it is of no worth. This means that it may be the case that personal action against Alan is the only available option. However, according to Re Diplock it will be able to trace the money from Alans girlfriend as she benefited from the act, as well as she may have known of the act. If Fiona does know then she is as liable as Alan . It is possible that she di d not know of the act; however as she received the gift and it can be traced back to Fiona. It is possible that an innocent third party can be approached to claim the lost funds, but it may only be limited to estates . Even so the case of Butler v Broadland and Re J Leslie Engineers Co Ltd have indicated this act may be extended to other fiduciary relationships, which there are indications that in the case of insolvency there would be strong case. This is because the money to claim from the trustee that has breached the trust, just like in the case of a deceased settlor, is no longer available. In this case it would be fair to pursue the innocent third party. In the case of the monies it is mixed with that Buy Its, which means that it may not be possible to trace as a mixed, as opposed to an unmixed account . However, it is identified that if mixed or not it must continue to exist unless it has been used to pay a debt or completely depleted . Therefore, as the company is ba nkrupt it is more than likely that the funds are now untraceable from BuyIt, which means that personal action is only available. References: 1) Clemants and Abbass (2008) Complete Equity and Trusts: Texts Cases and Materials, OUP 2) Edwards N. Stockwell (2002) Trusts and Equity, Longman 3) Edwards N. Stockwell (2010) Equity and Trusts 9th Edition, Longman 4) Hayton Mitchell (2005) Commentary and Cases on the Law of Trusts and Equitable Remedies 12th Edition, Sweet Maxwell 5) Hudson, A (2009) Equity and Trusts 4th Ed, Routledge Cavendish 6) Burn and Virgo (2002) Maudsley Burns Trust and Trustee, Case Materials, 7th Ed, OUP 7) Law commission (1999) 7th Programme of reform No 259 8) Law Commission in Trustees Powers and Duties (Law Com, 1999, Report No. 260) 9) Moffat, G, Bean, Dewar (2005) Trusts Law: Texts and Materials 4th Ed. CUP 10) Pearce, Stevens Barr (2010) The Law of Trusts and Equitable Obligations5th edition, OUP 11) Watt, G (2010) Equity and Trusts Directions 2nd Ed, OUP 12) Watt, G (2010) Equity and Trusts 4th Ed, OUP Cases: 1) Milroy v Lord (1862) 4 De GF J 264 2) Neville v Wilson [1997] Ch 144; 14-15; 3) Vandervell v IRC [1967] 2 AC 291 4) Walsh v Lonsdale [1882] 21 Ch D 14 5) Timpsons Executers v Yerbury [1936] 1 KB 645 6) Firstpost Homes v Johnson [1995] 4 All ER 355 7) Grey v IRC [1960] AC 1 8) Grey v Oughtred [1960] AC 206 9) Re Rose [1952] 1 All ER 1217 10) Hunter v Moss [1994] 3 All ER 215 11) Speight v Gaunt (1883) 9 App Cas 1 12) Walker v Stones [2001] 2 WLR 623 13) Nestle v National Westminster Bank [2000] WTLR 795; cf 14) Armitage v Nurse (1998) Ch 241 15) Re City Equitable Fire Insurance Co [1925] Ch 40 16) Royal Brunei Airlines v Tan (1995 2 AC 378) 17) Brinks Ltd v Abu-Saleh (1995) WLR 1478 18) Styles v Guy (1849) 19 LT Ch 185 19) Target Holdings v Redfern [1995] UKHL 10; Jackson v Dickinson (1903) 1 Ch. 952 20) Re Diplock [1948] Ch. 465 21) Foskett v McKeown [2000] 3 All ER 97 22) Taylor v Plumer (1815) 3 M S 562 23) Ministry of Health v Simpson [1951] AC 251 24) Banque Belge po ur lEtranger v Hambrouk [1921] 1 KB 321 25) Agip(Africa) v Jackson [1992] 4 All ER 385 26) Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale [1992] 4 All ER 512

Report On The Distribution Of Values - 2903 Words

ASSIGNMENT # 5 AMAN VIJ ADEENA MIRZA AMIT KUMAR TRIPATHY SECTION A Questions 1. (a) Explore the data. Report on the distribution of values in the attributes and how they individually relate to the outcome of interest (dependent variable). All the attributes are combination of categorical and numeric values and cover varied ranges. Each attribute was studied along with analyzing histograms, scatterplots and log-scaled graphs. The findings are listed below with the graphs of each attribute distribution in Section B. (i) Borrower’s age (Bo_Age): Borrower’s age shows an overall right skewed distribution with a maximum at 36. The distribution for only defaulters shows a†¦show more content†¦(vi) Borrower’s total monthly debt expense (Tot_mthly_debt_exp): Total monthly debt expense of borrower’s has a range from 0 to 17225 with an average of about 1745. 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Why was the Cuban Missile Crisis a turning point in Cold War Relations Free Essays

The Cuban missile crisis had relieved the tensions and possibilities of a nuclear war between the two superpowers. The USA had attempted to destroy Castro’s regime, with the April 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion where 1,400 Cuban rebels attempted to invade the island. The USSR had come to the aid of Cuba, providing nuclear missiles aimed at major cities in USA. We will write a custom essay sample on Why was the Cuban Missile Crisis a turning point in Cold War Relations? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The USA ordered a naval blockade to prevent Soviet ships from transporting the missiles to Cuba. The threat of a nuclear war was apparent and eventually the two superpowers made an agreement stating the removal of the US missile sites in Turkey in exchange for the USSR missile sites in Cuba, aborting the possibility of nuclear annihilation. The two superpowers were at the brink of a nuclear holocaust but the crisis made them realise the policy of brinkmanship was dangerous so they abandoned it, which is why the crisis is viewed as a turning point. The crisis had also improved US-USSR relations. USA and the USSR were prepared to avoid a future crisis after they realised the policy of brinkmanship nearly caused a nuclear war. A telephone hotline was set up between the White House and the Kremlin to provide swift communication and in August 1963, a Test-Ban treaty was signed, outlawing the test of nuclear weapons. Therefore, the Cuban Missile Crisis was a turning point in Cold War relations because the two superpowers developed a friendship, putting the effort in to reduce risk of a recurrence. On the contrary, it could only be described as a turning point in this period because they were reducing the risk of a crisis but they did not preserve their relations later on. The crisis had also led to world peace. The superpowers had avoided a nuclear war and in doing so prevented the destruction of the world. The USA did not bother Cuba again and the Soviet missiles were removed from Cuba. The superpowers realised that peaceful negotiations can help solve predicaments and both leaders were credited for their part in maintaining world peace. The crisis is a turning point as before, the world wasn’t peaceful with USA trying to rid the world of communism and the relations between superpowers were negative. However, in this time period, they had restored world peace by negotiating terms. The Cuban Missile Crisis influenced Cold War relations strongly. The two superpowers had now realised the dangers of adopting the policy of brinkmanship and made an effort to avoid a recurrence of the crisis again by understanding the importance of swift communication. How to cite Why was the Cuban Missile Crisis a turning point in Cold War Relations?, Essays

Educational Theory in Clinical Environment-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Educational Theory in Clinical Environment. Answer: Introduction Educations which can also be called learning is described as a process where one acquires knowledge and start having different thoughts and feeling about the new skill and develop an attitude towards it. It helps individuals to respond well to demands in clinical environment, that is, if for the sick and their families, they will be able to understand ways of improving their health and follow the prescriptions from a medical practitioner. For the learning students in the field of medicine, they are able to get information and all skills required in the medical field. Educational theory offers a different point of view on how learning takes place and what attracts people towards it (Emerson 2007). Learning theory is very crucial in education as it helps in creating a good environment for learning, improving education system and harmonizing it. It is also useful in psychology guidance. Medical professionals are therefore advised to use these theories often especially when dealing with the sick and other clients, during trainings and during other health programs. There are different types of learning theories which include behaviorism, cognitive, humanism, but in this paper, we will be discussing one of the theories, how learning theories is applied to clinical sector, principles to learning and ways that facilitate learning in clinical environment Behaviorism This is a type of learning is believed to be a change in behavior which is visible and this happens when there is a communication and response (Siemens 2014). There are two types of behaviorism; methodological which describes psychology as a science which helps predict and control ones behavior, (Slavin Davis 2006) while radical behaviorism which says that behaviors are inborn and is determined by genes of a particular organism This theory assumes that all change of behavior is achieved from the environment and that behavior is the final product of event response. Learning can be simple because by not considering what is happening in an individuals mind, observation and responses can tell you there is behavior change and therefore the final behavior is achieved by continuous learning (Ormrod,2011). This has a great impact on learners responses which can be positive or negative. The transition of behavior is achieved through practice and much of these are based on respondent conditioning and operant conditioning. Respondent conditioning deals with conditions of stimuli in that when a neutral stimulus is joined with a naturally occurring and unconditioned response, a new conditioned response occur and this happens without the knowledge of an individual. This creates a good clinical environment and improves the performance of the medical practitioners. This conditioning can also be used in eliminating a previously learned behavior, for example, fear/ anxiety or any other behavior and in this case psychologists have devised ways to help counter that by use of; Systematic desensitization is used by psychologists to minimize fear and anxiousness in patients/clients. This is done by teaching patients with anxiety or fear problems the need for relaxation. This technique is used in treating patients who are addicted to drugs. Stimulus generalization whereby first experiences are used to apply to other events, therefore mixture of different events helps people to learn. Spontaneous recovery is a technique used in respondent theory to help in dealing relapse cases whereby a person can go back to past habits when the current conditions seem alike with the past experiences Operant conditioning looks into behavior of an organism and effects that occur after response. There are different responses in this operant conditioning; neutral which comes from the environment and does not cause a change in behavior, rein forcers which increase the change in behavior and punishers which decreases the chance of change of behavior. The main point of doing this is to observe individual reactions and find ways to use to change the behavior. The methods of reinforcement used can be positive or negative (Deci Ryan 201); positive involve giving gifts to enhance action repetitions of a response. A negative method involves removing unwanted events. Different patterns can be used to achieve these reinforcements and they are as follows; Continuous method happens when behaviors occur in an individual or animal, fixed ration happens after occurrence of behavior for a specific number of times. Fixed interval happens when one thing is given priority to achieve one response, variable pattern whereby a behavior is determined after several trials. Variable interval pattern says that after one good behavior is achieved, the others can be tried at different unpredictable time. This theory has some disadvantages because it does not show all kinds of learning, does not explain some learning techniques. Key principles of learning Consequence role- behavior is strengthened by positive and exciting learning effects but it is weakened by unpleasant events. The positive events are called rein forcers while the negative ones are called punishers. Rein forcers are any events that strengthen behavior; it has two categories; primary and secondary. Experiences learning should acknowledge learners past events therefore educators should be able to guide the learners come out of past experiences and gain new skills (Hirsh, et.al 2007) Result- this is the immediate consequences after behavior change and this includes shaping which is a new skills or behavior impacted on learners to achieve the best. Extinction is also a result of change in behavior whereby when learning stops, behavior change declines and almost disappear. Learning in adults needs practical performance of what is being taught so that there is good understanding which helps in behavior change (OConnor 2015). Maintenance- this involves close monitoring and continuation of learning in learners especially the slow learners and those with bad behaviors. Learning should cover every learner including the poor learners so that no one is left behind. Antecedents role- events that follow behavior is important because they give a clear information whether the behavior change need reinforce or punishment. Educators should be able to do follow up in their students to allow better change. Learning should have goals, it should be able to solve a problem; a learner should have something in mind which he/she wants to achieve, a teacher therefore should guide them in setting the goals. Learning is not easy for both young and adults, it needs motivation and the teacher should always guide them and to some point giving them real life scenarios so that they can understand. Learning should have orientation, a sense of self direction and responsibility, a teacher is the one who understands the learners and for the concept to be understood, the teacher knows a way of passing that information to the students, teacher can engage the students in discussion groups to perform some tasks or discuss and share information about a certain idea and by so doing, the teacher will be able to know where to begin in guiding the students. Some ideas can be learned well the through the process. Learning process should be practical; the teacher should take the students through the clinical needs through practical, visiting wards to check on patients, allowing them to do some things and not just seeing or being told about them, this will build their confidence in the area of clinical profession. For a learner to understand an idea there should be continuous learning and practicing (Hirsh, et.al 2007). In learning process, there should be a show of respect to one another, learners should learn to appreciate one another and the ideas thy bring into the learning forum, by so doing it helps someone who might be having a problem or might have faced difficult experiences. In learning, somebodys idea should build someones life hence need for that virtue. Applications of behaviorism theory in clinical environment It helps in psychology guidance by providing the required infrastructure. It should also be used by health professionals during interactions with patients/clients, in health programs. Nurses being the ones to launch and implement processes of training, they should embrace the approach of this learning theory for education to the patients (Emerson 2007). Behaviorism theory applications influence learners reactions in that it can be positive or negative reaction. Bad response can lead to fear. Can be used in treating psychology disorders, finding ways of improvement and changing behavior conflicts. Techniques of change of behavior are used in teaching learners about education and social behaviors in teaching environments. Behavioral objectives are crucial in nursing especially when dealing with mental because it helps the educators in teaching and also in analyzing the performance of the learners as it forms the basic foundation in learning. It has been used to find ways of dealing with chronic illnesses like diabetes, hypertension, and using effective diet programs as per the theory and health procedures. Following up correct diet during treatment is a hard task specially to aged adults; therefore, health professionals should always guide the patient on this so as to comply with the required food procedures. Ways to facilitate learning. Learning in work place help in improving the spirit of learning in clinical environment as it offers great opportunities making learners acquire skills and knowledge in medical field (Bastable 2014). Nursing is one of the essential parts in clinical environment and nurses play a very crucial part in the health sector. They are therefore required to be professionally and academically qualified to perform their duties well.th following methods help in facilitating learning of nurses in the clinical environment; Setting participants and baseline assessments this involve training the nurses as they come in and depending on their qualifications and age so that they are not overtake by time. Study design involves a procedure where individuals who have the same qualifications are tested on some ideas to determine their level of knowledge and skill on the question asked, the outcome will determine who needs further training than the other and by so doing improve learning. Nurses need more knowledge on clinical teachings, skills about critical thinking and ways of communicating so as to deliver their work well and pass clear and legit information to the people they are dealing with. There is need for knowledge in communication so as to handle questions from the students well. There is need for learning in clinical environment to allow easy coaching of learners in the field too because they should be taught and assessed well so that they get the correct content as required in the medical field. Incorporation of developed ideas of professional self has also created a room for learning of nurses (educators and learners) hence improving the relationship between others. In as much as nurses need learning for the sake of coaching the learners, they should also get knowledge on how to handle their own fears and anxiety and also be able to handle students while training them. Learning by participation is a way of improving learning of nurses in a medical field, learning as acquisition involves going back to class hence shortage of workers to attend to patients, but through participation it opens ways to learn while working. Learning through talking has also improved learning in clinical environment in that learners should learn to talk for them to become experts in their field of medicine other than listening to a talk from experts. There are ways in which learning by talking has improved learning and it includes trainee talk, self-talking/thinking aloud, discussions. Conclusion In health education, research which was once done in psychology, nursing and medicine, is used in finding learning experiences from patients, clients, families and at the same time developing teaching and learning experiences to learning students and workers. Despite many explanations of theories and principles in learning, each concept/theory has important direction in learning process. Educators in the clinical environment cannot be able to know everything at once but through learning on day- to- day basis. Psychology and nursing work hand in hand in hand psychology has helped much in health sector and nursing uses its principles, ideas and theories Reference list BASTABLE, SB 2014,Nurse as educator: principles of teaching and learning for nursing practice. Burlington, MA, Jones Bartlett Learning. Deci, EL and Ryan, RM 2010,Self?determination. John Wiley Sons, Inc. Top of Form EMERSON, RJ 2007,Nursing education in the clinical setting. St. Louis, Miss, Mosby, Elsevier. Bottom of Form Hirsh, DA Ogur, B Thibault, GE and Cox, M 2007, " Continuity" as an Organizing Principle for Clinical Education Reform Medical Education.The New England journal of medicine,356(8), p.858. Jonassen, D and Land, S eds., 2012,Theoretical foundations of learning environments. Routledge. Lisko, SA and O'dell, V 2010, Integration of theory and practice: Experiential learning theory and nursing education.Nursing Education Perspectives,31(2), pp.106-108. Kaakinen, J and Arwood, E 2009, Systematic review of nursing simulation literature for use of learning theory.International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship,6(1). Ormrod, JE 2011,Human learning. Pearson Higher Ed. OConnor, AB 2015, Clinical instruction and evaluation: a teaching resource. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truescope=sitedb=nlebkdb=nlabkAN=581330 Rich, KL 2013,Philosophies and theories for advanced nursing practice. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Slavin, RE and Davis, N 2006, Educational psychology: Theory and practice. Top of Form Top of Form Siemens, G 2014, Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age Vogel?Walcutt, JJ Gebrim, JB Bowers, C Carper, TM and Nicholson, D 2011, Cognitive load theory vs. constructivist approaches: which best leads to efficient, deep learning?Journal of Computer Assisted Learning,27(2), pp.133-145 Top of Form Wang, VCX. 2016,Handbook of research on learning outcomes and opportunities in the digital age. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truescope=sitedb=nlebkdb=nlabkAN=1132941. Bottom of Form Top of Form Young, LE Paterson, BL 2006,Teaching nursing: developing a student-centered learning environment. Philadelphia, Penns, Lippincott Williams Wilkins

The Titanic Is One Of The Greatest And Most Known Boat Disaster In His

The Titanic is one of the greatest and most known boat disaster in history. On April 19, 1912, the Titanic was making good time towards New York, when it scraped against an iceberg. It sunk three hours later, before any boats could come and rescue the passengers still aboard. As we look back on the disaster today, we see many ways in which the tragedy might have been prevented, or lessened in severity. On April 19, the Titanic scraped against an iceberg leaving six big holes. They measured six feet long, six feet wide, and were located on the left side of the boat. The Titanic was originally designed so three of her twelve air-tight compartments could be filled with water and she would still be able to float. When the holes were created though, six of the compartments were filled, and the boat began to sink (Titanic 1). Hours before they reached the danger zone, Titanics crew was warned several times about the ice, and advised to slow down, or take another route. After two hours of the warnings, the wireless messaging system was turned off so that they would not have to listen to, or to the warnings, and they continued in the same direction at the same speed as before (Ballard, Robert). The Titanic was a great ship at its time said Rebecca Renkola (Kelly Thomas). That is part of the reason why the disaster occurred. People thought it was unsinkable, so they made no special precautions. For example, there were only the minimum required number of lifeboats aboard, and when the boat sank, the average number aboard was twenty-eight, when the maximum capacity was sixty. The day before she sunk, the lifeboat drill was canceled because of the belief that the boat could and would not sink. If they had had the lifeboat drill, more people might have been boarded into the lifeboats, and more lives might have been saved,said Rebecca Renkola (Kelly Thomas). Another way the disaster could have been prevented, was that if the crew had slowed the boat down, and not tried to show off by arriving early in New York, the boat might have been able to steer clear of the ice.. The belief most people have in how the Titanic sank, is because it hit an iceberg, Causing six holes, and then sank. But is that really what happened? According to a legend, the mummy of Princess of Amen-Ra, was thrown into the Nile River, and then found by four English men hundreds of years later. They transported the mummy to England, and within a week, every one of them died supposedly because of a curse. Once in England, the mummy was moved to a museum, but everyone who helped died just like the Four English men. Finally, after costing many lives, the mummy was placed on display. Still the restless spirit haunted the museum by ruining other exhibits,and killing the watchman at night. Eventually, the museum management sold the mummy to an English collector. Knowing that it would not be taken aboard the boat, he arranged for it to be hidden in the body of an automobile which was also bound for New York. On the day of her maiden voyage, the English man boarded with the boat with other first class passengers, and the voyage began. On April 19, knowing that there was no way to discard the mummy, the English man told the other passengers about his cursed cargo. Immediately, the boat picked up its speed and changed course. In a few hours, the boat struck an iceberg and began to sink to its present position at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean. The boats name was the Titanic (Titanic 2). The majority of the survivors were women and children. In the first class, 54 men and 145 women survived, leaving 119 men and 11 women dead. In the second class, 15 men and 104 women survived, but 142 men, and 24 women were never accounted for. In the third class, the number of surviving men was 69 and for women 105, but 417 men and 119 women lost their lives. Titanics crew was made of 876 men, and the water 682 lives (Kelly Thomas).

What I Wish Everyone Knew About Lab Reports

What I Wish Everyone Knew About Lab Reports The most effective way to demonstrate your understanding of a scientific investigation is to write a lab report. You should be able to convey to your teacher or professor that you understand the content. In a broader sense, the purpose is to share your scientific knowledge that youve gained with the scientific community. Your audience is going to want to be able to both gain knowledge from your report and to make sure that your arguments and observations are valid and based on evidence.There are several things to consider if you want to effectively communicate your findings:Do I understand the content of the experiment that Ive conducted?Is there a specific style of writing I should use?What are the specific details that should be present in each specific section?This guide will both help you think through the process and understand the standard parts that your report should include.Do you understand what happened during the investigation?Before you go about the task of writing your lab report, you must first have a firm understanding of what occurred during your experiment:Your experiment must be conducted in a scientific manner. Scientific experiments must be carried out so that you are testing only one thing at a time. For example, if you wanted to compare several substances to see how much of each one can dissolve in a given liquid such as water, you would want to keep all the conditions the same. If your substances were sugar, salt, calcium chloride, and zinc oxide, you would follow the same procedure to see how much of each one would dissolve in water (their solubility). You would need to use the same amount of water and keep all conditions the same, dissolving the substances in the same liquid until no more will dissolve.You also want to make sure that you are making accurate measurements and recording your data in a chart or in a lab notebook. Often, a professor (or lab book) will provide you with a specific step-by-step procedure to follow. If so, make sure that you are following the steps as closely as possible, asking questions of the teacher or professor as needed.When youve finished the experiment, you should make sure that you fully understand whats taken place. Consult with your lab partner if you have one to make sure that both of you are on the same page as far as your understanding. It helps to ask yourself questions once you have your data to make sure that you are ready to write up your results. Ask yourself the following questions before you begin to write your report. If you find yourself unable to answer the following questions, you may need to ask your professor for clarification, talk with your lab partner, or do some research on your own to clarify your results:What did you learn from the experiment?Can you communicate the results to someone else with clear and easy terms?Are there any questions you have about what took place?What writing style should you use?With any writing task, you must first consider your au dience. Your audience for a lab report is often a teacher or a professor, but it should also be the greater scientific community. You want to communicate in a concise, professional manner and give yourself credibility with proper grammar and research-backed observations.Remember that your audience is your professor or the greater scientific community. This means that you should write your report as if it might actually be published in a scholarly journal. Try to avoid wordy sentences and make sure that you begin each paragraph with a sentence that sets the tone for the content of that paragraph. Your thoughts and ideas should be your own. If you borrow someones ideas or quote someone, be sure to correctly cite your references according to your professor or teachers requirements.Be aware of the tense that you use. When you are referring to your results, you should use the past tense. When you are making reference to the report itself, the equipment or any theories that pertain to the research, use the present tense. For example, Sugar was found to be much more soluble in water at fifty-five degrees than salt. After measuring the solubility at several temperatures and seeing similar results, we came to the conclusion that sugar is more soluble in water than salt.Its generally a good idea to use the active voice in lab reports. This way you can express yourself in a brief manner and get to the point. For example, It was observed by the group that the solubility of substance A was much greater than substance B is passive and much less concise than the active voice: We observed a greater solubility with sugar than salt.Avoid the repetition of words to allow your writing to be more interesting and engaging. It can be tricky with science writing because you are often repeating types of equipment or concepts. Sometimes, its as simple as turning a noun into a pronoun when you need to mention the same substance or piece of equipment twice in one sentence. For example, A t fifty-five degrees Celsius, Calcium sulfate was found to be more soluble in water than when we tested it at four-five degrees.Read what you have written to be sure of sentence structure and flow, which is something that is often missed with computer spelling and grammar check programs. You can also catch obvious grammar and spelling errors as you correct and improve the structure of your sentences.How do you organize the details of a lab report?The way in which data is organized in a lab report can vary according to the standards of a school or specific requirements of a professor. However, there is a general structure that most lab reports include that more or less follows the scientific method. Most investigations framed this way require you to discuss the relevant research; discuss the purpose; form a hypothesis; test it; and then once you have the results, make the decision as to whether or not those results back up that hypothesis. Most lab reports require you to include an i ntroduction, a methods section, a results section, a discussion section, and possibly, a further reading section.The introduction is extremely important because it sets the tone for the entire report. Here, you need to include research that is related to the topic of your investigation. Once the groundwork is laid, you should state your purpose for the investigation, which is often confused with the hypothesis. The purpose is a more general statement that is narrowed with the formation of a hypothesis. For example, the statement, the purpose of this investigation is to test ideas about factors that increase the rate of a chemical reaction is a general statement. The hypothesis is a more specific statement or question that narrows or specifies the focus of the experiment: We hypothesized that increasing the surface area and temperature of the reactants would increase the rate of the reaction.The methods section is where you describe in detail the way that you tested your hypothesis. Some sources refer to this as the procedure that you followed when you tested your hypothesis. It is important to include as much detail here as possible so that someone could repeat the steps of your investigation just as you performed them. It is also important not to discuss the results in this section.In the results section, you are presenting the raw data and making statements about how it relates to your hypothesis. It is tempting to begin forming conclusions about what the results mean, but that should be reserved for the next section. Here it is enough to make short statements such as Crushing the reactants into powders resulted in shorter chemical reaction times. This is not where you would discuss why the results happened in that manner. You may also want to include charts and graphs to illustrate the relevant data. Your tables should include a title and the data should be arranged vertically. Check with your professor to see if they would prefer that information in this s ection or the appendices.The discussion section is very important because here you are fleshing out the implications of the results. In this section, you should again discuss how the data either supports or disproves your hypothesis. If there is any data that appears to be different from the rest of the information, you want to point that out. This section is where you will form a definitive conclusion based on your results: Based on the data we obtained, we can conclude that increasing the surface area of a reactant will indeed result in a faster chemical reaction. If possible, you should relate your conclusions to the research you discussed in the introduction. Finally, if there are any further questions that your conclusion brings to mind, you should discuss those here. Any practical implications or uses for the conclusions you have drawn should also be fleshed out here.Finally, many professors require a further reading section that lists references relevant to your experiment. O ften, this is a list of articles and books that explore the topic of your investigation in much more detail. This is different from a references page, which should come at the end of your report. Check with your professor as to which format they wish you to use for citing references.To write an effective lab report, it is important that you conduct your experiment in a scientific manner, testing only one factor at a time. Once you have obtained your results, make certain that you understand whats taken place, asking questions of your lab partner(s) and professor as needed. When you begin writing your report, consider your audience, making sure that you are sharing your own thoughts or ideas, and giving credit where it is due for your sources.Finally, follow the scientific method, making sure to include relevant research, a valid purpose and hypothesis, results section that clearly shows your raw data, and a discussion section that discusses its implications. If you follow this templ ate, you are not only likely to receive positive feedback from your instructor, you will also gain valuable insight into the scientific research and writing process.Relevant SourcesThe Writing CenterThoughtCo: How to Write a Lab Report

Women forced into prostitution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Women forced into prostitution - Research Paper Example Research in many parts of the world has shown that women are most usually tricked into a life of prostitution and servitude. It is a life no one wants, for it brings shame, disrespect and dishonor not only to the woman concerned but also her family (Troubnikoff, 27). In fact, few self respecting individuals would want to associate with her. Not only does prostitution affect her physically, but women are also shown to have mental and psychological effects from these experiences. She cannot and usually does not marry, and in fact carries in her heart a lifelong hatred and disregard for men, especially those who have enticed or tricked her into this sordid way of life. Discussion History calls prostitution one of the oldest professions known to women. But how did women come to know the effect that their beauty had on men? Most likely it was the man who was enticed by her beauty and wanted to sleep with her. Scientists have maintained that men and women are attracted to very different th ings when it comes to love. For the man, it is almost always the physical attributes of a woman that are more attractive. For the woman, they say that she is more captivated by the nature of a man. This shows that men can be attracted in an instant, while women only after getting to know the nature of the person they prefer. Love poems and songs that speak of a woman’s smile, hair, eyes, smoothness of skin and body etc are almost always written by the male sex. In fact the whole cosmetic and fashion industry are based on this premise (Perkins, 12). The world loves both handsome men and beautiful women. They are the stuff of dreams and everyone wants to possess them or be close to them. A woman can be forced into prostitution for many reasons. Chief among them are economic reasons. If despite her education and upbringing, she cannot get a job to make ends meet or enough to support her parents and other siblings, then she may be forced to get into prostitution, especially if sh e is poor. However in places like Thailand and India, the truth is often worse. We find people who can entice even parents to part with one of their daughters under the guise of gainful employment in the city (Lim, 15). Unbeknown to them, once she is under his control, she is usually shipped off to the red light areas in busy cities and forced to please men and satisfy their sexual desires and perversions (Flowers, 80). She cannot communicate with her parents. Usually someone else even begins sending false letters to her family back home saying that she is doing fine. Then the letters stop under the pretext of finding another job etc. In this way she becomes a money-making machine for her paramour, pimp and madam, doing all the work while earning nothing in exchange. To avoid suspicion sometimes, human traffickers even send home some money in the beginning just to placate her family. Later on this is stopped as well as the communication (Cundiff, 2). We also have cases where playboy types get a girl to love them and then reveal their true identity as pimps after she has given up her body to them. It can start with the boy, lead to his friends, and finally when she is used to the money and the lifestyle, she is forced to join the sex industry by such created circumstances. At this point usually she has nowhere else to go and cannot tell anyone because of the shame she feels. As she gets used to this life and its demands, she learns to please and entice men. It becomes a game and a profession for her, just like any other (Carpenter, 18). Research has indicated that prostitution has a deep and lasting impact on women, especially those who have been tricked into this profession. They cannot

The Darker Side of Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The Darker Side of Marketing - Essay Example This paper approves that the tobacco industry has used such studies to target the young and uninformed. They have used deceptive advertising as a result of these findings in the form of marketing ‘low-tar’ cigarettes. They have also used cartoon-like characters to appeal to the youth consumer. To their delight, this strategy indeed generated sales as planned without an ethical thought as to the dishonesty of such practices or that this practice was particularly disgusting as it applies to youth smoking. The marketing of filtered and low-tar cigarettes were planned to comfort smokers worried about the health risks associated with the habit and to impart this new product as an alternative to not smoking. This report makes a conclusion that Tobacco companies have routinely researched the smoking habits of teenagers and competed vigorously with each other to design products and their accompanying marketing strategies to ensnare a segment of the youth smoking market. When young persons see cigarette logos linked with their heroes, excitement, speed and triumph, they are likely to lose sight of the grim realities of smoking; death, disease and addiction. An addictive product doesn't take much to hook a new customer. For the tobacco companies, the expense of giving away free samples is negligible compared to the potential for long-term gains, especially from new young customers.

MANAGERIAL TRAITS AND SKILLS Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MANAGERIAL TRAITS AND SKILLS - Dissertation Example The trait of being self-confident and tolerant to stress plays a very important role to be creative and tactfully handle situation. Dominant nature of the individual helps to lead a team and organise managerial activities in his/her own way of working. The trait of being ambitious facilitates the process of achievement of certain task for the leader. As a researcher how would you establish if those traits are fundamental to the effectiveness of the leader? A leader should have the traits within to be successful in the implementation process. An informative leader has the capability to understand the methods and the processes to manage the technical aspects of the managerial activities for the different organisational units. The conceptual skill of the person grows the creativity and foresight involves in the process of judgment and manage critical situation in the organization. The interpersonal skill of an individual helps to understand the human behaviour or any processes and take decision according to the motives of the others and will be able to communicate with the surroundings. These are the traits required by a person to be a successful leader in the long run. Reference Changing Minds.org. (2011). Trait Theory.

Postnatal Depression and Social Exclusion

Postnatal Depression and Social Exclusion An essay Structural Requirements : The essay must include: What postnatal depression is; What is Post Natal Depression? Postnatal depression is a discrete clinical entity which appears to have a number of different aetiological factors. It does not appear to be greatly influenced by geography (Affonso et al 2000), or culture (Oates et al, 2004). A typical rate for detection of postnatal depression is quoted as about 13% of postnatal women (O’Hara et al 1996). It classically arises during the first three months post partum but the spread of onset is wide. (Cooper Murray 1995) One of the prime factors is considered to be the sudden postnatal drop in progesterone levels in the post partum days. (Nappi et al 2001) The placenta is responsible for the vast majority of circulating progesterone during pregnancy and it’s delivery is effectively responsible for the precipitate drop in levels post partum. There may also be other related hormonal changes including the fluctuations in prolactin levels (Hendrick et al 1998) and falling oestrogen and cortisol levels. (Halari et al. 2004) Symptoms can initially include irritability, tearfulness, insomnia, hypochondriasis, headache and impairment of concentration. There is a maximal incidence of these symptoms on about the fifth post partum day and these can progress to frank depressive symptoms over a variable period. (Ramsay et al 1995). There are various tools that can be used to measure the degree of depression and these include the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale,(Cox et al 1987), The Stein scale for maternity blues, (Stein 1980) and the Beck depression rating inventory. (Beck et al 1961). The key issues that affect the health and well being of people who are described as vulnerable'(in this case have postnatal depression); Key issues affecting vulnerable patients There have been a number of studies that look at the effectiveness of treatment of postnatal depression. One of the most recent publications (Dennis 2005) provides a meta-analysis of the factors which influence the outcome in the condition. The author concluded that the only strategy that was shown to have â€Å"a clear preventative effect† was intensive post-partum support from the healthcare professionals involved in the case. Curiously, this was found to be more effective than similar regimes which included an ante-natal component as well. The morbidity associated with postnatal depression has a number of potential consequences not only for the mother, but also the child and the rest of the family as well. (Oakley et al 1996) One of the most significant is the fact that one episode of postnatal depression is the greatest predictor (or risk factor) for another episode after subsequent pregnancies. The children are likely to have difficulties because of possible problems with bonding and the mother’s possible negative perceptions of the behaviour of the children. (Cooper Murray 1997) Some studies have shown that mothers with postnatal depression have derived beneficial help from social support during pregnancy. (Ray et al 2000). It would therefore appear that the key issues in this area are identification of the predictive factors that make postnatal depression more likely and then the provision of prompt supportive measures if those factors are established. Resources at local, regional national level that offer support to people with postnatal depression (my local area is hull, east york’ ); Local resources for support Apart from the more â€Å"traditional â€Å" resources of the primary healthcare team of the General Practice the Midwife and the Health Visitor, some centres have tried experiments with postnatal support worker provision (To the client: I don’t know if this is relevant to your area. If it is, you may wish to enlarge on this) (Morrell 2000). This particular study found that the patients found an high level of satisfaction with the service – but no more so than with the services provided by the rest of the primary healthcare team. Analysis of the results showed that the postnatal support worker helped to achieve higher levels of breast feeding, but had little impact on the severity or frequency of postnatal depression. One significant factor that was found, however, was that support from a partner was a significant positive factor in preventing severe postnatal depression. Must identify and reflect on appropriate communication strategies when working with vulnerable people; Communication strategies Several recent studies have shown that healthcare professionals often fail to spot the signs of postnatal depression. (Bick et al 1995). Making the diagnosis is obviously the prerequisite of establishing a treatment regime so it is clearly vital for all healthcare professionals to be on their guard for warning signs – sleep disturbance, irritability, mood swings and irrationality. (Ramsay et al 1995) Reflection and reflective practice is a vital part of effective nursing. (Gibbs 1998) . Each healthcare professional should ideally reflect upon their management of each individual case to decide whether they were communicating optimally with the patient and that they were fully receptive to all that was on the patient’s agenda. Communication is a two-way modality. Bulman (et al.2004) points to the need to understand, at a deeper level, just what it is the message that the patient is taking away from any interaction. Communication is therefore vital in the strategy to empower and educate the vulnerable patient. Must identify the role of the midwife / health visitor and other health and social care professionals in the promotion of social inclusion Role of midwife and Health Visitor The new mother is often at the centre of an emotional rollercoaster. The sudden culmination of nine months of expectation results (frequently) in a flurry of support from healthcare professionals and family, which then rapidly evaporates and the mother is left to deal with the new situation which is frequently stressful. (Kitzman et al 1997) The midwife can obviously help by preparing the ground in the antenatal period and offering support in the immediate postnatal period. (Dennis 2005). The health visitor is probably better placed to be aware of any developing warning signals that postnatal depression is developing, as they are likely to be in contact with the patient during the â€Å"high risk period†. (Cooper Murray 1995). It has been suggested that encouragement of the mother to attend the health visitor clinic rather than to have home visits is a positive way of encouraging social inclusion. (Seeley et al 1996) Studies which have looked at the cost-effectiveness of using community postnatal support service workers have shown no benefit over the more traditional midwife and Health Visitor support. (Morrell et al 2000) References Affonso DD, De AK, Horowitz JA, Mayberry LJ. 2000  An international study exploring levels of postpartum depressive symptomatology.  J Psychosom Res 2000;49: 207-16. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Baugh J. 1961  An inventory for measuring depression.  Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961;4:561-71. Bick D, MacArthur C. 1995  The extent, severity and effect of health problems after childbirth.  Br J Midwifery 1995; 3: 27-31 Bulman Schultz 2004  Reflective Practice in Nursing  The Growth of the Professional Practitioner Third Edition  Edited By: CHRIS BULMAN, School of Health Care, Oxford Brookes University SUE SCHUTZ, Oxford Brookes University 2004 Cooper Murra 1995  Course and recurrence of postnatal depression. Evidence for the specificity of the diagnostic concept  The British Journal of Psychiatry 166: 191-195 (1995) Cooper P, Murray L. 1997  Prediction, detection, and treatment of postnatal depression.  Arch Dis Child 1997;77: 97-9   Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. 1987  Detection of post-natal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh post-natal depression scale.  Br J Psychiatry 1987;150:782-6. Dennis C-L. 2005 Psychosocial and psychological interventions for prevention of postnatal depression: systematic review BMJ, Jul 2005; 331: 15.   Gibbs, G (1998)  Learning by doing: A guide to Teaching and Learning methods EMU Oxford Brookes University, Oxford. 1998 Halari, V. Kumari, R. Mehrotra, M. Wheeler, M. Hines, and T. Sharma 2004  The Relationship of Sex Hormones and Cortisol with Cognitive functioning in Schizophrenia  J Psychopharmacol, September 1, 2004; 18(3): 366 374.   Hendrick, L. L. Altshuler, and R. Suri 1998  Hormonal Changes in the Postpartum and Implications for Postpartum Depression  Psychosomatics, April 1, 1998; 39(2): 93 101 Kitzman H, Olds DL, Henderson CR, Hanks C, Cole R, Tatelbaum R, et al. L 1997  Effect of prenatal and infancy home visitation by nurses on pregnancy outcomes, childhood injuries, and repeated childbearing.  JAMA 1997; 278: 644-652 Nappi, F. Petraglia, S. Luisi, F. Polatti, C. Farina, and A. R. Genazzani 2001  Serum Allopregnanolone in Women With Postpartum Blues  Obstet. Gynecol., January 1, 2001; 97(1): 77 80. Oakley A, Hickey D, Rajan L. 1996  Social support in pregnancy: does it have long-term effects?  J Reprod Infant Psychol 1996; 14: 7-22. Oates MR, Cox JL, Neema S, Asten P, Glangeaud-Freudenthal N, Figueiredo B, et al. 2004  Postnatal depression across countries and cultures: a qualitative study.  Br J Psychiatry Suppl 2004;46: s10-6. OHara M, Swain A. 1996  Rates and risk of postpartum depression—a meta-analysis.  Int Rev Psychiatry 1996;8: 37-54. Ramsay. R and T. Fahy 1995  Recent Advances: Psychiatry  BMJ, July 15, 1995; 311(6998): 167 170. Ray KL, Hodnett ED. 2000  Caregiver support for postpartum depression. In: Cochrane Collaboration,ed. Cochrane Library. Issue 1.  Oxford: Update Software, 2000. Seeley S, Murray L, Cooper PJ. 1996  The outcome for mothers and babies of health visitor intervention.  Health Visitor 1996;69:135-138. Stein GS. 1980  The pattern of mental change and body weight in the first post partum week.  J Psychosom Res 1980;24:1165-71. PDG. Word count 1,665

Marketing Final Exam :: brand image for country

Q1. Asian nations are beginning to brand themselves. Considering the country you researched this semester, propose a strategy to create a brand image for the particular country. Based on your knowledge about the country, what might be the biggest three challenges of executing your strategy and how might they be addressed? Brand Image: Sri Lanka – The Southern Asian Dynamic This brand image for Sri Lanka would be an accurate depiction because of the increase in change the country is always experiencing. Sri Lanka has plans in place for future national development to help better the country, with the help and use of humanitarian support from ally countries. Their national development plan also includes Sri Lanka is also known for their quality in exported goods. The quality of goods exported from Sri Lanka tends to be of a higher quality. Above all, Sri Lanka has a great human development rate, which means that the labor force has the potential to be powerful. A strategy I would use to create this brand image would be to promote and advertise the quality of the goods produced in their home country. Promotion for planned national development would also be carried out. The advertising and promotions would take place to target countries that would benefit from importing goods from Sri Lanka. The brands or goods that are exported promote the country and contribute to creating the desired brand. The country (its’ government) needs to promote the brands of goods being exported also. While Sri Lanka has the potential to be powerful, challenges could stand in the way of executing a marketing strategy. Building a brand for a product is not the same as building a brand for a country. A country would need to leverage all of their unique and positive qualities in order to be able to successfully promote themselves the way they plan to. If the government places strict laws on exporting goods, this could hurt the marketing strategy of promoting the country as a brand as well. Another challenge would be that the political violence in Sri Lanka could hurt the creation of the brand image. Countries who would like to import goods from Sri Lanka may see the political violence as an issue that they would prefer to steer clear of. Q2. In which category of innovations do microwaves fall in India? As VP of White Appliances, how would you use the knowledge about the five characteristics of innovations to facilitate quicker diffusion of the product?